IGNOU History Assignment 2024 Solutions (MAHI-105)

IGNOU History Assignment 2024 Solutions (MAHI-105)

Assignment
MHI-105: History of Indian Economy-1
From Earliest Times to c. 1700

Course Code: MHI-105
Assignment Code: MHI-105/AST/TMA/2023-24
Total Marks: 100

Note: Attempt any five questions. The assignment is divided into two Sections ‘A’ and ‘B’. You have to attempt at least two questions from each section in about 500 words each. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION A

1. In what ways did the post -1950s ancient Indian economic historical writings represent a departure from early 20 t h century historical writings?
2. Enumerate the chief characteristic features of the Harappan cities.
3. Discuss the nature of Roman trade in India. What was its long term impact?
4. Assess recent developments in Feudalism Debate.
5. Write short notes on any two of the following. Answer in about 250 words each.
   i) Impact of seasons on economy
   ii) Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture
   iii) Merchant Guilds
   iv) Pariharas or Immunities

SECTION B

6. Give a historiographical assessment of the Oceanic trade. Evaluate Van Leur’s hypothesis of ‘peddling trade’.
7. Discuss everyday forms of peasant resistance during the medieval period.
8. Critically analyse the pattern of communication network during the medieval
   period.
9. Examine medieval women’s participation in production activities.
10. Write short notes on any two of the following. Answer in about 250 words each.
    i) Pastoral and Forest Economies in the medieval period
    ii) Indigo Production
    iii) Mughal Artillery
    iv) Hundis (Bills of Exchange)

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Answers

SECTION A

1. In what ways did the post -1950s ancient Indian economic historical writings represent a departure from early 20 th century historical writings?

The post-1950s marked a significant shift in the approach to ancient Indian economic history writing, departing from the methods and perspectives prevalent in the early 20th century. This transformation can be attributed to various factors, including changes in historiographical paradigms, advancements in archaeological and epigraphic research, and a broader reevaluation of sources. In this essay, we will explore the ways in which post-1950s ancient Indian economic historical writings diverged from their early 20th-century counterparts.

One of the key departures lies in the reconsideration of sources and methodologies. Early 20th-century historical writings often relied heavily on literary sources, such as religious texts, epics, and royal inscriptions. These sources were interpreted primarily through a textual lens, and economic history was often neglected or overshadowed by political and cultural narratives. In contrast, post-1950s historians embraced a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating insights from archaeology, numismatics, and epigraphy. This shift allowed for a more nuanced understanding of economic activities, including trade networks, agricultural practices, and urbanization.

Archaeological excavations played a crucial role in reshaping the narrative of ancient Indian economic history. The post-1950s witnessed a surge in systematic archaeological explorations, uncovering numerous sites that provided tangible evidence of economic activities. Harappan sites, in particular, yielded insights into urban planning, craft specialization, and long-distance trade during the Bronze Age. This empirical evidence allowed historians to move beyond speculative interpretations and construct a more concrete understanding of economic structures and dynamics in ancient India.

The emphasis on regional diversity was another departure from early 20th-century historiography. Early writings often presented a monolithic view of ancient Indian history, focusing on the achievements of centralized empires. Post-1950s historians recognized the need to acknowledge and explore the diversity of economic structures across different regions and periods. The study of regional variations in agricultural practices, trade routes, and economic institutions became a central theme, challenging the homogenizing tendencies of earlier scholarship.

Furthermore, the post-1950s period witnessed a greater awareness of socio-economic dynamics and their impact on everyday life. Early 20th-century writings often portrayed economic history as a narrative of rulers and dynasties, neglecting the experiences of common people. Post-1950s historians, influenced by social history approaches, sought to incorporate the voices of marginalized groups and understand how economic changes affected various social strata. This shift led to a more holistic portrayal of economic history, capturing the complexities of ancient Indian societies.

The reevaluation of the role of technology and innovation in economic development was also a notable departure. Early 20th-century writings tended to downplay the significance of technological advancements, attributing economic changes primarily to political or cultural factors. In contrast, post-1950s historians recognized the importance of technological innovations in shaping economic landscapes. The study of agricultural tools, metallurgy, and manufacturing techniques shed light on the adaptive strategies employed by ancient Indian communities to enhance productivity.

In conclusion, the post-1950s marked a paradigm shift in ancient Indian economic historical writings, departing from the perspectives prevalent in the early 20th century. The adoption of a multidisciplinary approach, the emphasis on archaeological evidence, the recognition of regional diversity, the focus on socio-economic dynamics, and the reevaluation of technological contributions collectively transformed the way historians approached and interpreted the economic history of ancient India. This shift not only deepened our understanding of the past but also broadened the scope of historical inquiry, paving the way for a more comprehensive and nuanced narrative of ancient Indian economic history.

2. Enumerate the chief characteristic features of the Harappan cities.

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The cities of this ancient civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, were marked by distinctive features that reflected advanced urban planning, technological sophistication, and a unique social organization. Enumerating the chief characteristic features of the Harappan cities provides valuable insights into this remarkable ancient civilization.

Urban Planning and Layout:
The Harappan cities were meticulously planned, featuring a grid-like street layout that showcased an advanced understanding of city planning. The streets were organized in a precise, perpendicular pattern, dividing the cities into well-defined blocks. This urban planning not only facilitated efficient movement within the cities but also indicated a high level of centralized authority in their construction.

Citadel and Lower Town:
Harappan cities typically consisted of two main components: the citadel and the lower town. The citadel, situated on a higher elevation, housed important administrative and possibly religious structures. The lower town, characterized by residential and commercial areas, extended beyond the citadel. This dual structure indicated a social hierarchy and centralized governance.

Brick Construction:
The Harappans were pioneers in urban construction, utilizing standardized, kiln-fired bricks made from clay. These bricks were of uniform size and shape, allowing for efficient construction and maintenance. The use of baked bricks contributed to the durability and longevity of the structures, many of which have survived to the present day.

Great Bath:
One of the most iconic features of Harappan cities is the Great Bath, a large, well-engineered public bathing pool. Found in both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, the Great Bath is believed to have had ritualistic and possibly symbolic significance. Its sophisticated design included a well-laid waterproof tank with steps leading into the pool, showcasing advanced hydraulic engineering.

Sophisticated Drainage System:
Harappan cities boasted an elaborate and efficient drainage system. The streets were equipped with covered drains that prevented waterlogging during the monsoon season. The sewage and drainage systems demonstrated the Harappans’ understanding of urban sanitation and reflected a concern for public health and cleanliness.

Multi-Story Buildings:
Archaeological evidence suggests the presence of multi-story buildings in Harappan cities. The existence of structures with multiple floors implies a level of architectural innovation and engineering competence. However, due to the limited nature of the archaeological record, the exact function and nature of these structures remain subjects of scholarly debate. (Continue….)

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